Cone Beam Computed Tomography Assessment of the Maxillary Incisive Canal and Foramen: Considerations of Anatomical Variations When Placing Immediate Implants
Identifieur interne : 001294 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001293; suivant : 001295Cone Beam Computed Tomography Assessment of the Maxillary Incisive Canal and Foramen: Considerations of Anatomical Variations When Placing Immediate Implants
Auteurs : Samah M. Al-Amery [Malaisie] ; Phrabhakaran Nambiar [Malaisie] ; Marhazlinda Jamaludin [Malaisie] ; Jacob John [Malaisie] ; Wei Cheong Ngeow [Malaisie]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The maxillary incisive canal connects the roof of the oral cavity with the floor of nasal cavity and has the incisive and nasal foramina respectively at its two opposite ends. Its close proximity with the anterior incisors affects one’s ability to place immediate implants in ideal position.
To avoid causing complication, variations in their dimensions were studied.
Images of ninety Mongoloids patients examined with i-CAT Cone Beam Computed Tomography were included. The sizes of the nasopalatine foramen, the incisive canal and foramen, and anterior maxillary bone thickness were measured. The direction and course of the canals were assessed.
The mean labiopalatal and mesiodistal measurements of the incisive foramen were 2.80mm and 3.49 mm respectively, while the labiopalatal width of the nasal foramen was 6.06mm. The incisive canal was 16.33mm long and 3.85 mm wide. The anterior maxillary bone has an average thickness of 7.63 mm. The dimensions of the incisive foramen and incisive canal, and anterior maxillary bone thickness demonstrated gender differences with males showing greater values. The anterior maxillary bone thickness was affected by age but this difference was not observed in canal dimensions. The majority of subjects have a funnel shape-like incisive canal with the broader opening located at its superior. They seem to have a longer slanted-curve canal with one channel at its middle portion and a narrower incisive foramen opening than those reported elsewhere.
This study found that gender is an important factor that affected the characteristics of the IC and the amount of bone anterior to it. Male generally had bigger IC and thicker anterior bone. In addition, the anterior maxillary bone thickness was affected by aging, where it becomes thinner with increased age even though the subjects were fully dentate.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117251
PubMed: 25679505
PubMed Central: 4332502
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cone Beam Computed Tomography Assessment of the Maxillary Incisive Canal and Foramen: Considerations of Anatomical Variations When Placing Immediate Implants</title><author><name sortKey="Al Amery, Samah M" sort="Al Amery, Samah M" uniqKey="Al Amery S" first="Samah M." last="Al-Amery">Samah M. Al-Amery</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nambiar, Phrabhakaran" sort="Nambiar, Phrabhakaran" uniqKey="Nambiar P" first="Phrabhakaran" last="Nambiar">Phrabhakaran Nambiar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jamaludin, Marhazlinda" sort="Jamaludin, Marhazlinda" uniqKey="Jamaludin M" first="Marhazlinda" last="Jamaludin">Marhazlinda Jamaludin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Dept. of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="John, Jacob" sort="John, Jacob" uniqKey="John J" first="Jacob" last="John">Jacob John</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngeow, Wei Cheong" sort="Ngeow, Wei Cheong" uniqKey="Ngeow W" first="Wei Cheong" last="Ngeow">Wei Cheong Ngeow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Dept. of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25679505</idno><idno type="pmc">4332502</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332502</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4332502</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0117251</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000412</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000412</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000412</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000412</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000F22</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000F22</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">005853</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">005853</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">005853</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001297</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001294</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001294</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Cone Beam Computed Tomography Assessment of the Maxillary Incisive Canal and Foramen: Considerations of Anatomical Variations When Placing Immediate Implants</title><author><name sortKey="Al Amery, Samah M" sort="Al Amery, Samah M" uniqKey="Al Amery S" first="Samah M." last="Al-Amery">Samah M. Al-Amery</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nambiar, Phrabhakaran" sort="Nambiar, Phrabhakaran" uniqKey="Nambiar P" first="Phrabhakaran" last="Nambiar">Phrabhakaran Nambiar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jamaludin, Marhazlinda" sort="Jamaludin, Marhazlinda" uniqKey="Jamaludin M" first="Marhazlinda" last="Jamaludin">Marhazlinda Jamaludin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Dept. of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="John, Jacob" sort="John, Jacob" uniqKey="John J" first="Jacob" last="John">Jacob John</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Diagnostic and Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngeow, Wei Cheong" sort="Ngeow, Wei Cheong" uniqKey="Ngeow W" first="Wei Cheong" last="Ngeow">Wei Cheong Ngeow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Dept. of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Introduction</title><p>The maxillary incisive canal connects the roof of the oral cavity with the floor of nasal cavity and has the incisive and nasal foramina respectively at its two opposite ends. Its close proximity with the anterior incisors affects one’s ability to place immediate implants in ideal position.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Objective</title><p>To avoid causing complication, variations in their dimensions were studied.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Images of ninety Mongoloids patients examined with i-CAT Cone Beam Computed Tomography were included. The sizes of the nasopalatine foramen, the incisive canal and foramen, and anterior maxillary bone thickness were measured. The direction and course of the canals were assessed.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Results</title><p>The mean labiopalatal and mesiodistal measurements of the incisive foramen were 2.80mm and 3.49 mm respectively, while the labiopalatal width of the nasal foramen was 6.06mm. The incisive canal was 16.33mm long and 3.85 mm wide. The anterior maxillary bone has an average thickness of 7.63 mm. The dimensions of the incisive foramen and incisive canal, and anterior maxillary bone thickness demonstrated gender differences with males showing greater values. The anterior maxillary bone thickness was affected by age but this difference was not observed in canal dimensions. The majority of subjects have a funnel shape-like incisive canal with the broader opening located at its superior. They seem to have a longer slanted-curve canal with one channel at its middle portion and a narrower incisive foramen opening than those reported elsewhere.</p></sec><sec id="sec005"><title>Conclusions</title><p>This study found that gender is an important factor that affected the characteristics of the IC and the amount of bone anterior to it. Male generally had bigger IC and thicker anterior bone. In addition, the anterior maxillary bone thickness was affected by aging, where it becomes thinner with increased age even though the subjects were fully dentate.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sarandha, Dl" uniqKey="Sarandha D">DL Sarandha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hussain, Zu" uniqKey="Hussain Z">ZU Hussain</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scheid, Rc" uniqKey="Scheid R">RC Scheid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woelfel, Jb" uniqKey="Woelfel J">JB Woelfel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drake, R" uniqKey="Drake R">R Drake</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vogl, Aw" uniqKey="Vogl A">AW Vogl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Awm" uniqKey="Mitchell A">AWM Mitchell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ghom, Ag" uniqKey="Ghom A">AG Ghom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghom, A G" uniqKey="Ghom A">A.G Ghom</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Glickman, Gn" uniqKey="Glickman G">GN Glickman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, S" uniqKey="Cohen S">S Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, R C" uniqKey="Burns R">R. 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Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, W" uniqKey="Huang W">W Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosenquist, J" uniqKey="Rosenquist J">J Rosenquist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nystrom, E" uniqKey="Nystrom E">E Nyström</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scher, El" uniqKey="Scher E">EL Scher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pe Arrocha, M" uniqKey="Pe Arrocha M">M Peñarrocha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carrillo, C" uniqKey="Carrillo C">C Carrillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uribe, R" uniqKey="Uribe R">R Uribe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, B" uniqKey="Garcia B">B García</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Malaisie</li></country></list><tree><country name="Malaisie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Al Amery, Samah M" sort="Al Amery, Samah M" uniqKey="Al Amery S" first="Samah M." last="Al-Amery">Samah M. Al-Amery</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Jamaludin, Marhazlinda" sort="Jamaludin, Marhazlinda" uniqKey="Jamaludin M" first="Marhazlinda" last="Jamaludin">Marhazlinda Jamaludin</name><name sortKey="John, Jacob" sort="John, Jacob" uniqKey="John J" first="Jacob" last="John">Jacob John</name><name sortKey="Nambiar, Phrabhakaran" sort="Nambiar, Phrabhakaran" uniqKey="Nambiar P" first="Phrabhakaran" last="Nambiar">Phrabhakaran Nambiar</name><name sortKey="Ngeow, Wei Cheong" sort="Ngeow, Wei Cheong" uniqKey="Ngeow W" first="Wei Cheong" last="Ngeow">Wei Cheong Ngeow</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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